Thursday, January 30, 2020
The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay Example for Free
The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay The last two centuries present significant advancement in the study of cell development in biological science since the term was first coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. Although Hooke first observed the presence of cells in matters it was Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744 1829), a French scientist, who initiated early steps in recognizing the concept of the cell as a biological element in living things while carrying out extensive works in evolution and classifications in the animal kingdom. This is similar to the Rene Dutrochet’s pronouncement in 1824 that the structure of a living body’s fundamental elements is the cell, created through the process called juxtaposition or combination, producing both animals and plant forms. Several assumptions followed which serves as basis for the modern cell theory including Ludolph Christian Treviranus’s (1779-1864) proposition that a cell can be further separated into even smaller components by its intracellular space or individual units comprising the cell itself particularly in plants. Building on this concept, Robert Brown (1773-1858) published a paper naming one of these units â€Å"cell nucleus†in 1883. Although scientifically accepted as fact today, Brown together with Bauer, at that time, never thought the idea of cell nucleus to be universally present in all living things and limit the concept to monocotyledons (also called monocots), one of the major groups of angiosperms or flowering plants. Amidst the numerous assumptions and differing opinions of their times three names excel in the field of cell science: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882), Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). Schwann discovered what is called Schwann cell or neurolemnocytes, glial cells supplying vitality to peripheral nerve fibers. Together with Schleiden they concluded that all living things are composed of cells and published their findings in a paper called Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals. Almost their contemporary, Virchow further improved the idea into a wider and more scientific scale stating that cells come from cells of the same kind, refuting the theory of Spontaneous Generation. Virchow was also one of the very first scientists to apply existing cell theories together with findings he himself formulated in medicine that led to the discovery of leukemia cells and a deeper understanding of lung cancer and other deceases related to cell formation and their behavior. In 1855, Virchow states that cells replicate through the process called â€Å"cell division†. Together, Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are the three considered to be the key figures and originator of the basis for the concepts of modern Cell Theory. Development in the Cell Theory in the 1900’s is not as numerous as that of the 1700’s and 1800’s. One discovery, however, worth mentioning is the finding made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick regarding the double-helix structure for DNA in the 1953. 2. Membranous Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells †¢ Chloroplast (plastid). Chloroplasts are present in eukaryotic a cell which main function is to capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP moderating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) and requires NADPH as a reductant in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. †¢ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) forms the network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae in cells necessary for protein synthesis ( the process where cells proteins), protein folding and transport, secretion or exocytosed, and manufacture and storage of glycogen, steroids and macromolecules. †¢ Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex deals with the processing of proteins and lipids after synthesis before transporting (e. g. secretion) †¢ Mitochondrion generates the cell’s energy (i. e. chemical energy) and produce majority of its Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) †¢ Vacuole is an enclosed water filled compartment within a cell containing enzymes and various natural and inorganic molecules. †¢ Nucleus contains majority of the cell’s genetic materials organized in a multiple long linear Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is considered to be the cell’s control center. 3. Methods in Molecular Exchange †¢ Diffusion. Diffusion balances the degree of concentration of molecules from a region with higher concentration to a region with lower concentration as a reaction to thermal motion. It plays a vital role in the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules across the capillary walls and across membranes. An diffusion equilibrium is said to be attained when the amount of molecule between two regions are equal and no diffusion movement occurs, or the net flux is at zero rate. The degree of concentration, temperature, and room affects the direction and extent of net flux related to the process. †¢ Endocytosis. Endocytosis takes place when cells suck up molecules from the outside of the cell by swallowing it up using their cell membrane. †¢ Exocytosis. Exocytosis is the reverse process of endocytosis where a cell releases the contents accumulated by the secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. 4. Catalyst and Enzyme Catalysts are substances that make a chemical reaction faster than its normal rate. Catalysts inhibit changes in matters acted upon (substrate) but remain unchanged on the final output of the reaction (end product). Enzymes are types of catalyst that are almost always in protein form and are used in biochemical (living) reactions. 5. Enzyme-Controlled Reaction During an enzyme-controlled reaction, the enzyme’s key portion called â€Å"active site†interacts with the substrate. The substrate begins reacting to the enzyme entering a stress state. Upon reaching the necessary stress rate, the substrate changes in form or state (or both) producing the end product. The resulting end product is said to â€Å"drift away†and the enzyme is then free to perform the same procedure in the chemical reaction until no reactible substance is left, concluding the process. 6. Enzymes, Coenzymes and Vitamins The primary function of vitamins in living organisms is to serve as cofactors for chemical reactions involving enzymes. Although a cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound, cofactors are tied to a protein and is necessary for proteins to perform its biological functions. These types of proteins are almost always a kind of enzyme and cofactors can be thought as of â€Å"helpers†in performing its transformation. Vitamins or derivatives of vitamins make up an organic cofactor. 7. Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms generate their own energy through chemical reaction rather than sunlight. This process converts carbon substances and nutrients into organic form (hydrocarbon) by oxidation as an energy source. 8. In the process called Glycolysis, requires two ATP’s to break down glucose into phosphoglyceraldehyde (2 PGAL). In the 2nd stage of glycolysis, the 2 PGAL’s are then broken into 2 pyruvates. This stage produces 4 ATP’s and 2 NADH’s. The net ATP production is 2 ATP’s as in the same case with the Krebs Cycle. 9. Stages in Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis starts with the accumulation of substances needed by the process. These substances are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and, of course, sunlight to be processed in the leaf’s chloroplasts. Sunlight then is converted into an energy form called ATP and NADPH. The sunlight absorbed through the stomata follows as certain chain of processing and results in the production of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. This process is called light reaction. Utilizing the ATP and NADPH, carbon dioxide is then converted into sugar. The resulting sugar is then broken down into two molecules called glucose and fructose, molecules that make up sucrose and sugar. The process is called dark reaction. 10. Assuming Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II refers to Light Reaction and Dark reactions: During light reactions electrons react as light strikes the chlorophyll. This results to the formation of ATP and NADPH. Also, water undergoes chemical reaction splitting oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is accumulated from the atmosphere, hydrogen is added producing carbohydrates. This process is called carbon fixation. In the case of dark reactions, carbon dioxide is accumulated by a 5-C chemical called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). Six molecules of carbon dioxide go in the Calvin Cycle, creating a glucose molecule. TP and NADPH created is used to attach phosphates into the PGA. Residual PGAL molecules are converted to reform 6 molecules of RuBP repeating the cycle again. REFERENCES Enger, E. D. , Ross, F. C. , Bailey, D. B. (2009). Concepts in biology (13th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Turner W. (January 1890). The Cell Theory, Past and Present BIOS 100 Lecture Material Online. Fall 2004. Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways. May 15, 2009. http://www. bio. miami. edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/cell_theory. htm
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
An Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 73 Essays -- Sonnet essays
An Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73    Sonnet 73 by William Shakespeare is widely read and studied. But what is Shakespeare  trying to say? Though it seems there will not be a simple answer, for a better understanding of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73, this essay offers an explication of the sonnet from The Norton Anthology of English Literature:               That time of year thou mayst in me behold              When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang              Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,              Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.              In me thou seest the twilight of such day              As after sunset fadeth in the west;              Which by and by black night doth take away,              Death's second self that seals up all in rest.              In me thou seest the growing of such fire,              That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,              As the deathbed whereon it must expire,              Consumed with that it was nourished by.              This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong,              To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.  (879)        This sonnet rhymed abab cdcd efef gg form. Most of his sonnets were written in the 1590s at the height of the vogue, but they were not published until 1609. The first 126 are addressed to a young man; the remainder (with the exception of the last two, which are conventional sonnets on Cupid) are addressed to an unknown "Dark Lady." Whether or not Shakespeare laid bare his heart in his sonnets, as many critics have contended, they are his most personal poems.        For understandi... ...ine 14). "Leave" in line 14 does not mean more than "leave behind."        Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 well fills and fits the three quatrains and single couplet of the Elizabethan sonnet. We can be sure there is no doubt to believe that some of Shakespeare's sonnets, like Sonnet 73, were well known and he was surely placed at the head of the dramatists and high among the non-dramatic poets. As Bender and Squier claimed (75), in the sixteenth century, Shakespeare is England's greatest playwright and the best of the Elizabethan sonneteers.  Works Cited Abrams, M. H., et al., The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Vol. 1. New York: Norton, 1986. Bender, Robert M., and Charles L. Squier, eds. The Sonnet: An Anthology. New York: Washington Square P, 1987. McAuley, James. Versification: A Short Introduction. Michigan: Michigan UP, 1985.Â
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Communication: Analysing and Presenting Complex Communication Essay
Introduction This report is for the second exam of the Communications unit of producing complex written business documents. The aim of this report is to know the customer services in the Renmin University and know whether it could meet the need of the students. The objectives of the report are to introduce different kinds of customer services in the Renmin University and how to offer these services for the students. It includes the facilities of teaching, condition of the education, facilities of living and organization and activities of students. And each of them has its own different parts to define the services. 2.0 Procedure To source this report: a) Information on the customer services was taken from internet websites. b) A number of books on customer services were consulted. c) Information was gathered from the official websites of the Renmin University. 3. Facilities of Teaching 3.1 General Information of the Facilities The Renmin University consists of 23 schools in addition to the Graduate School (the School of Science is in the process of being set up, and a Chemistry Department has been established.), thirteen university-level institutions, fourteen post-doctoral stations, plus one Adult Higher Education College, School of Education Training, and Shenzhen Research Institute. Each of the schools has its own teaching building to meet the daily needs of teaching. And they also have the special facilities for their special subjects, for example, the chemical laboratoriesï ¼Å'the multimedia classrooms and the computer rooms. So the facilities of the teaching of the Renmin University could meet the needs of the customer services of the students. 3.2 Library The library of the Renmin University was founded in 1937. And now, the library has 15 reading rooms in which there are more than 1,800 seats. The responsible for services of the reading rooms are including borrowing, consultation, inter-library loans, help with information requests, searches, binding, audio-visual services, and so on. The university established a new local network that adopts the UNICORN software system of the US SIRSI Company and SUN mainframe equipment at the end of 1999. And this network environment provides all the necessary functions for a convenient and prompt library service. The library has a book collection of 2,500,000 copies, covering all central fields of inquiry such as the humanities, the social sciences, economics, and administration. The holdings are especially strong in economics, law, philosophy, and history. The library also has a rich collection of electronic resources; this includes access to more than 200 data bases and disk-based materials from networks both at home and abroad. To facilitate the use of the collection, the library has established a set of ordered resource bases and data bases. Thus, the library offers convenient access so that readers can effectively use the digital resources of the library. 3.3 Gymnasium The gymnasium of the Renmin University is a multipurpose gymnasium. It is located at the west of the university. It covers over 1,400 square meters and the building area of it is 20,000 square meters. The total cost of it is more than 9,000 million. It includes the basketball courts, tennis courts indoor trackï ¼Å'gymï ¼Å'equipment roomï ¼Å'music room and so on. It is one of the most multipurpose gymnasiums of all the universities. The gymnasium is made of aluminum and Glass curtain wall which is very beautiful and unique. The gymnasium is becoming a landmark of the Renmin University because of its beautiful shape and complex structure. And it also becomes the place which the students could spend the part time to do sports. 4. Condition of the education 4.1 Teachers Now the Renmin University has 1,671 full time teachers, including 499 professors and 636 associate professors. The school has 13 teachers to be the members of the fifth State Council Academic Degrees Committee and has 13 professors to be selected as the members of the Social Science Council of the Ministry of Education. The numbers of these are in the front of the universities. The number of the excellent teachers is also in the front of the universities. In recent years, a large number of young scholars which have consummate education and courageous thinking of innovation become the famous scholars and the academic leaders having the great influence all over the world. All of these make the Renmin University nurture a lot of excellent graduates. 4.2 Quality Education The endeavor of quality education is to improve students’ understanding and awareness of culture and their ability to think by themselves through different kinds of courses. Some of the courses are very popular among students, such as the History of Western Civilization, Selected Readings in Literature and the History of Chinese Civilization. Some science courses are available as well in order to supplement students of humanities with more comprehensive abilities such as biology, physics and chemistry. The lectures on dance, music and art could help to better students’ aesthetic taste and ability to appreciate the accomplishments of those fields. The quality education and campus culture supplement each other at the Renmin University of China. It meets the needs of the students about developing their artistic ability and aesthetic taste. 4.3 Schools & Departments The Renmin University has put the undergraduate education on the base and the graduate education on the important place. And it also uses the continuing education to assist the daily teaching. All of these make the Renmin University form a comprehensive and multi-storey teaching structure. And the university is one of the universities which established the Graduate School. The Renmin University consists of 23 schools in addition to the Graduate School (the School of Science is in the process of being set up, and a Chemistry Department has been established.), thirteen university-level institutions, fourteen post-doctoral stations, plus one Adult Higher Education College, School of Education Training, and Shenzhen Research Institute. The school has 61 departments of professional degree, 8 departments of the second professional degree, ten departments of undergraduate education and so on. These departments could meet the needs of all the students. 5.0 Organization and Activities of Students 5.1 Students’ Organizations The Renmin University has a lot of Student Organizations. It is more than 124. Every year it will hold an assembly to enlist new members of the organizations. This is the most important magnificent ceremony of all the organizations. The organizations which are approbatory have six parts including education, theory, amusement, sports, public welfare and practice. It is beautiful scenery of the cultural life on campus. The Renmin University is famous for the students’ organizations which having lots kinds, large coverage, and great influence. The students of the Renmin University get the fun of youth and the growth of experience with taking part in the varied students’ activities. 5.2 Sports Teams The Renmin University has a lot of sports teams, such as basketball and volleyball teams, table tennis teams, men’s soccer, track and field and martial arts. They do well in women’s basketball, men’s volleyball, martial arts, and track and field at the National University Games and these teams are invariably among the top three in the universities of Beijing. The basketball teams and the men’s soccer are high-level sports teams of it, certified by the Ministry of Education. These two teams have represented Beijing in the National University Games on many occasions. And they have won the championship in Beijing University Sports Games on many years. The titles they have obtained include: the third place at the 2nd CUBA, the fifth place in men’s basketball at the 5th National University Games, the fourth place in men’s soccer in the preliminary rounds of the 6th National University Games, silver medalist at the 7th National University Games and seventh place in the final. 5.3 Social Practice The Renmin University has organized many forms of social activities in order to prepare its students for their future jobs. The Renmin University helps its students find institutions or organizations involved in social activities, and provide the students with the necessary financial support they need for participation. The professors and experts of the Renmin University have been arranged to give their students training and lectures on doing research, including how they can adapt themselves to their future jobs, how they can write their research reports and academic theses and how they should identify a problem and conduct research into it. The Youth Federation could bring students together and they are asked to talk about their experiences from their social activities. Then, other students can learn from them. Excellent reports and theses will be published, outstanding students or groups will be rewarded. And the Renmin University has set up a database to help the students get information and help from the university at any time and any stage necessary as programs for social activities are applied for and managed on the intranet. 6. Conclusion The Renmin University has many kinds of organizations and activities to meet the needs of its students. It takes the customer service of the school as an important part of the construction of the daily work. As a result, the students of it feel that the customer services of the school are good and their needs could be meet. The Renmin University offers the customer services not only on the hand of the material services but also on the other hand of the spiritual services. These make its students be satisfied of the services which offering by the university. The students living at the Renmin University could have good time in the part time. Because of the customer service of it included all kinds of daily lives. 7.0 Bibliography Print Sources: Books: Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2010, Communication: Analysing and Presenting Complex Communication, 3rd ed. Beijing, China Modern Economic Publishing House Scottish Qualifications Authority, 2010, Creating a Culture of Customer Care, 2nd ed. Beijing, China Modern Economic Publishing House Non-Print Sources: Internet Web Sites: The Renmin University of China, â€Å"Living at the RUC.†(Online) 2004, http://english.ruc.edu.cn/en/100374/ The Renmin University of China, â€Å"Schools & Departments.†(Online) 2004, http://english.ruc.edu.cn/en/100378/ The Renmin University of China, â€Å"Sources.†(Online) 2004, http://english.ruc.edu.cn/en/100375/
Monday, January 6, 2020
The Bihar Fodder Scam - 995 Words
Bihar has become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties....of chronic misrule that has allowed infrastructure to crumble, the education and health system to collapse, and law and order to evaporate (Long, 2004, p.17-18). India has witnessed many scams over the years, and the number keeps increasing by the day. It is most commonly the chief ministers, state and central ministers and members of various political parties who are often reported for their involvement in scams. This article presents a descriptive and exploratory analysis of informal money transfer relating to one such infamous case of Bihar Fodder Scam. The article also delves into the core ethical issues involved, and the best way for the concerned government bodies to respond to such cases of corruption in order to reduce such misconducts. The Wor ld Bank defines corruption as the abuse of public power for private benefit (Worldbank, 1997). The Animal Husbandry Scam a.k.a the Fodder Scam, is a clear example of this definition. The case in question is a consequence of the incessant greed of politicians for money and power. It is reported that about Rs. 950 crore were embezzled from the government treasuries of Bihar in this 17 year long case (Indian Express, 2014). Despite being the third most populated state of the country andShow MoreRelatedInvestigative Journalism1637 Words  | 7 Pagesto be an eye opener for several ordinary citizens . Public can closely follow several issues. This is a stupendous improvement perhaps investigative journalism is taking a tweak in its favour most times. ` ` ` ` The exposure of scams and fraud cases of the Government The alertness amongst common people due to in depth investigation of major issues like 26/11 attacks or the 13/7 triple blasts in Mumbai. The dependency on media to know what the latest facts and stories areRead MoreEffects and Implications of Coalition Governments on the Political Scnerio in India16277 Words  | 66 Pagesin the country. The Bihar Assembly elections, to be held within in a few months, are expected to speed up the process. The Lok Jan Shakti party of Ram Bilas Paswan has already parted company with Lalu Prasad Yadav’s Rashtriya Janata Dal in the state and is searching for new allies to face the electorate in the coming Assembly elections. Though some haggling is going on between the Lok Jan Shakti Party and the Janata Dal United on the terms for facing the voters together in Bihar, there is a political
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